© 2004 by British Computer Society
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Optimal Algorithms for 2 x n Mastermind Games—a Graph-Partition Approach
1 Department of Information and Computer Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, 2 Graduate Institute of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Sec. 4, Ting-Chow Rd, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
This paper presents new and systematic methodologies for analyzing deductive games and obtaining optimal algorithms for 2 x n Mastermind games, where n 
2. We have developed a graphic model to represent the game-guessing process. With this novel approach, we find some symmetric and recursive structures in the process. This not only reduces the size of the search space but also helps us to derive the optimum strategies more efficiently. By using this technique, we develop optimal strategies for 2 x n Mastermind games in the expected and worst cases and are able to derive the following new results:
n/2
+ 2 guesses are necessary and sufficient for 2 x n Mastermind games in the worst case.
- The minimum number of guesses required for 2 x n Mastermind games in the expected case is (8n3 + 51n2 – 74n + 48)/24n2 if n is even and (8n3 + 51n2 – 80n + 69)/24n2 if n is odd.
The optimization of this problem bears a resemblance to other computational problems such as circuit testing, differential cryptanalysis, on-line models with equivalent queries and additive search problems. Any conclusion of this kind of deductive game may be applied, although probably not directly, to any of these problems as well as to any other combinatorial optimization problem.
Received 21 February 2003. Revised 2 October 2003.